FACTS  AND  FORMULAE  FOR  PROBABILITY  QUESTIONS

 

 

1. Experiment : An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.

 

2. Random Experiment :An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact output cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.

Ex :

i. Tossing a fair coin.

ii. Rolling an unbiased dice.

iii. Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards.

 

3. Details of above experiments:

i. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.

ii. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. When we throw a die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.

iii. A pack of cards has 52 cards.

  • It has 13 cards of each suit, name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.
  • Cards of spades and clubs are black cards.
  • Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.

There are 4 honours of each unit. There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face cards.

 

4. Sample Space: When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called the sample space.

Ex :

1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}

2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.

3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

Event : Any subset of a sample space is called an event.

 

5. Probability of Occurrence of an Event : 

Let S be the sample and let E be an event.

Then, ES

P(E)=n(E)n(S)

6. Results on Probability :

i. P(S) = 1    ii. 0P(E)1   iii. P()=0

 

iv. For any events A and B we have : 

P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AB)

 

v. If A denotes (not-A), then P(A)=1-P(A)

Q:

Find the range and mode of the data 17, 18, 28, 19, 16, 18, 17, 29, 18

A) 12 and 18 B) 13 and 18
C) 12 and 17 D) 11 and 17
 
Answer & Explanation Answer: B) 13 and 18

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Q:

Find the standard deviation of {11, 7, 10,13, 9}

A) 1 B) 2
C) 4 D) 5
 
Answer & Explanation Answer: B) 2

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Q:

A table tennis player, lost 12 games out of 18 games played. Calculate the games won in terms of decimal.

A) 0.667 B) 0.067
C) 0.50 D) 0.333
 
Answer & Explanation Answer: D) 0.333

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Q:

A sequence a, ax, ax2, ......, axn, has odd number of terms. Then the median is

 

A) axn2+1 B) axn2-1
C) axn-1 D) axn2
 
Answer & Explanation Answer: D) axn2

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Q:

The mean of a distribution is 15 and the standard deviation is 5. What is the value of the coefficient variation?

A) 16.66% B) 66.66%
C) 33.33% D) 100%
 
Answer & Explanation Answer: C) 33.33%

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Q:

If the standard deviation of a population is 3, what would be the population variance?

 

A) 9 B) 6
C) 8 D) 15
 
Answer & Explanation Answer: A) 9

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Q:

The variance of a set of data is 169. Then the standard deviation of the data is

 

A) +-13 B) 13
C) 69 D) 84.5
 
Answer & Explanation Answer: B) 13

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Q:

If the standard deviation of a population is 10, what would be the population variance?

A) 100 B) 30
C) 5 D) 20
 
Answer & Explanation Answer: A) 100

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