Questions

Adi Shankara or Shankara, was an early 8th century Indian philosopher and the ologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.
He is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism. It is with his teacher Govinda, that Shankara studied Gaudapadiya Karika, as Govinda was himself taught by Gaudapada.

The alpha and the omega means the beginning and the end; the entirety of something. (Alpha and omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet).

Debilitate means make someone very weakSurmount means overcomeSo, Debilitate is nearest in meaning to weaken

The case where there is 6 months day, and 6 months night could only happen on poles because The Earth is tilted on its axis.

The pole which is away (opposite direction of sun) from the Sun remains in complete darkness till it comes in front of the sun.

So we conclude that, countries at the poles have 6 months day, and 6 months night.

So countries close to these region have such cases like, Alaska, Antarctica, Norway etc.

Norway, the northernmost inhabited region of Europe, there is no sunset from approximately 19 April to 23 August. The extreme sites are the poles, where the sun can be continuously visible for half the year. The North Pole has midnight sun for 6 months from late March to late September.