Undergraduates may get this question as feelers of their business knowledge. Insider trading describes the illegal activity of buying or selling stock based on information that is not public information. This is to prevent those with privileged information (company execs, I-bankers and lawyers) from using this information to make a tremendous amount of money unfairly.
Meteorology is the study of weather and Earth's atmosphere. Climatology is another term used to describe the study of weather.
Studying the weather is not only useful for determining if you'll need an umbrella for the day. While forecasting is an important aspect of studying weather, understanding weather patterns provides valuable information about the status of the planet.