After the decline of the Chalukya kingdom of Kalyani at the close of the 12th and of the chola kingdom at the begining of the 13th century, the new kingdom which arose in South India were
An excise or excise tax or excise duty is a type of tax charged on goods produced within the country (as opposed to customs duties, charged on goods from outside the country). It is a tax on the production of a good. This tax is now known as the Central Value Added Tax (CENVAT).
The American noncommissioned officer tradition began with creation of the Continental Army in 1775 at the beginning of the American Revolution. They adopted NCO traditions from French NCO.