Questions

Lagoons are formed along the coasts by the action of winds and waves. They are commonly found off the deltas of large rivers such as the Nile and Ganges.

Fragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when many of the free blocks are too small to satisfy any request. 

External Fragmentation: External Fragmentation happens when a dynamic memory allocation algorithm allocates some memory and a small piece is left over that cannot be effectively used. If too much external fragmentation occurs, the amount of usable memory is drastically reduced. Total memory space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous. 

Internal Fragmentation: Internal fragmentation is the space wasted inside of allocated memory blocks because of restriction on the allowed sizes of allocated blocks. Allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested memory; this size difference is memory internal to a partition, but not being used

for ( i=0; i < MAXROW ; i++)

free (p[i]);

free (p);

Application layer protocol defines types of messages exchanged, message format, syntax and semantics and rules for when and how processes send and respond to messages.