CCNA Questions

You must be able to take a binary number and convert it into both decimal and hexadecimal. To convert to decimal, just add up the 1s using their values. The values that are turned on with the binary number of 10110111 are 128+32+16+4+2+1=183. To get the hexadecimal equivalent, you need to break the eight binary digits into nibbles (4 bits), 1011 and 0111. By adding up these values, you get 11 and 7. In hexadecimal, 11 is B, so the answer is 0xB7.

This is a pretty simple question. A/28 is 255.255.255.240, which means that our block size is 16 in the fourth octent. 0,16, 32, 48, 64, 80, etc. The host is in the 64 subnet.

A receiving host can control the transmitter by using flow control ( TCP uses windowing by default). By decreasing the window size, the receiving host can slow down the transmitting host so the receiving host does  not overflow its buffers.

The following are the different types of VPNs :

PPTP ( Point to Point Tunnel protocol ) VPN : Most commonly used VPN. PPTP is a method for implementing virtual private networks. PPTP uses a control channel over TCP and a GRE tunnel operating to encapsulate PPP packets.

Site-to-Site VPN : Site-to-site VPN is a type of VPN connection that is created between two separate locations. Site-to-site VPN can be intranet based or extranet based. 

Intranet-based site-to-site VPN is created between an organization's propriety networks, while extranet-based site-to-site VPN is used for connecting with external partner networks or an intranet.

L2TP ( Layer Two Tunneling Protoco) VPN : L2TP is an extension of the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) used by an Internet service provider (ISP) to enable the operation of a virtual private network over the Internet.

IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) : IPsec is a framework for a set of protocols for security at the network or packet processing layer of network communication.

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) VPN : SSL  is a form of VPN that can be used with a standard Web browser. In contrast to the traditional Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) VPN, an SSL VPN does not require the installation of specialized client software on the end user's computer. 

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) VPN : MPLS is a protocol for speeding up and shaping network traffic flows. 

Hybrid VPN : A hybrid VPN combines Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and Internet protocol security (IPsec)-based VPNs. 

Answer : E

Answer : A

To enable OSPFv3, you enable the protocol at the interface level as with RIPng. The command string is ipv6 ospf proces-id area area-id.

There are 16 bits (four hex characters) in an IPv6 field.