Questions

Protective arrangements: Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc.A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Casteand Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc. Despite legislation, social discrimination and atrocities against the backward castes continued topersist

Could is used in hypothetical situation, where we want to express ability except willingness. So, ‘could’ should be replaced with should.

For “Pay for” means give money to someone for goods received. So, it is the phrasal verb which will make the sentence grammatically correct, as the sentence talks about paying money for buying certain articles. Pay out means the act of receiving money or material gain as a compensation. Pay off means to pay a debt. Pay of has no meaning.