Exams

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.

All scientists uses Statistics for analysing data.

Random mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation. Mutations are likely to be rare and most mutations are neutral or deleterious, but in some instances, the new alleles can be favored by natural selection. Polyploidy is an example of chromosomal mutation.

Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect.

1) mutation - an alteration in DNA sequence, various types

2) intragenic recombination - results in entirely new associations of genes not present in either parental genome.

Two forms of intragenic recombination:

a) crossing over
b) independent assortment
3) reticulation – acquisition of genetic material from unrelated or relatively unrelated sources (e.g., hybrid species, horizontal gene transfer).

Let R, G and B represent the number of balls in red, green and blue boxes respectively.

Then, .

R + G + B = 108 ...(i),

G + R = 2B ...(ii)

B = 2R ...(iii)

From (ii) and (iii), we have G + R = 2x 2R = 4R or G = 3R.

Putting G = 3R and B = 2R in (i), we get:

R + 3R + 2R = 108 6R = 108 R = 18.

Therefore Number of balls in green box = G = 3R = (3 x 18) = 54.

Covalent bonds hold atoms together because the attraction between the positively charged nuclei and the negatively charged shared electrons is greater than the repulsions between the nuclei themselves.

A number of possible explanations for why manhole covers are round include :

1. A round manhole cover cannot fall through its circular opening, whereas a square, rectangular, or oval manhole cover could fall in if it were inserted diagonally in the hole.

2. Circular covers don’t need to be rotated or precisely aligned when placing them on the opening.

3. A round manhole cover is easily moved and rolled.

4. Human beings have a roughly circular cross-section.

5. Round tubes are the strongest shape against the compression of the earth around them, so the cover of the tube would naturally be round as well.

6. It’s easier to dig a circular hole.

The name given to the bond between water molecules is a hydrogen bond. These bonds occur between the slightly negative oxygen of one water molecule and the slightly positive hydrogen of another water molecule. Hydrogen bonding gives water special physical properties.

The differences in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen lead to an unequal sharing of electrons. Electronegativity measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons. Oxygen, with its higher electronegativity, pulls on the shared electrons more, giving the oxygen atom a partial net negative charge. The shared electrons spend less time with the hydrogen atoms; therefore, the hydrogen regions of water have partial positive charges.