Biology Questions

In DNA, adjacent nucleotides are linked by a phosphodiester bond: a covalent bond is formed between the 5' phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3'-OH group of another.

Hence, in this manner, each strand of DNA has a "backbone" of phosphate-sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate.

A chromatid is one copy of a newly copied chromosome which is still joined to the original chromosome by a single centromere.

The two identical copies—each forming one half of the replicated chromosome are called chromatids.

Chromonema is the fibre-like structure in prophase in the primary stage of DNA condensation. In metaphase, they are called chromatids.

Mitochondria is absent in Bacteria as well as in Blue Green Algae. They are seen in eukaryotic cells for respiration purpose.

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that leads to the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate and other non-carbohydrate precursors, even in non-photosynthetic organisms.

It occurs in all microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals, and the reactions are essentially the same, leading to the synthesis of one glucose molecule from two pyruvate molecules. Therefore, it is in essence glycolysis in reverse, which instead goes from glucose to pyruvate, and shares seven enzymes with it.

Protists are eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as a plant, animal, or fungus. They are mostly unicellular, but some, like algae, are multicellular.

Kelp, or 'seaweed,' is a large multicellular protist that provides food, shelter, and oxygen for numerous underwater ecosystems.

The genome of an organism is inscribed in DNA, or in some viruses RNA. The portion of the genome that codes for a protein or an RNA is referred to as a gene. Those genes that code for proteins are composed of tri-nucleotide units called codons, each coding for a single amino acid.

Plants grow in size both in height and in grith. Enlargement  of cells already present cannot contribute much to the growth. Only addition of more and more cells could increase the size of the plant considerably.

Every ecosystem must have Autotrophs.