Biology Questions

Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

The two most common types of fermentation are

(1) alcoholic fermentation (and) 

(2) lactic acid fermentation.

(1) Alcoholic fermentation : the type of fermentation in which ethyl alcohol is the main end product .This is very common in yeast (unicellular fungus) and also seen in some bacteria. Yeast cells release enzymes called zymase complex which bring about the fermentation. The reactions are similar to anaerobic respiration.

(2) Lactic acid fermentation : The type of fermentation in which lactic acid is the end product.

It is carried out by some bacteria (e.g. lactic acid bacteria), and also by animals (muscle glycolysis in animals, under oxygen deficiency, results in the formation of lactic acid this is whay we experience in muscle cramps, or "Charley horse").

Gene is a segment of chromosomal DNA or a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function. It is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

As genes are made up of DNA it impies that they are long, double chains of nucleic acids as DNA is made of nucleic acids.

Allows for expansion or contraction of the trachea. Hence, so large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate. In the human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones and is composed of six parts; the skull bones, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column.

Bones of shoulder, thigh and foot are the part of appendicular skeleton. 

Hence, Vertebral column is the part of axial skeleton.

In the above options, sperms are the haploid cells. In humans, haploid cells are those have only half the number of usual number of chromosomes. Sperm, gamates and egg cells are the haploid cells examples.

Mutations can disrupt the cell cycle, and can cause certain diseases and conditions.

An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.

Cross Contamination ::

Cross Contamination is nothing but a contamination in a cross way i.e, when a bacteria on a kitchen tool transfers to food via direct contact. Two of the most common kitchen tools usually tend to be a knife or a cutting board. However, it is not just bacteria that gets carried from one place to another — it could also be a virus also.

Cross Contamination is prevented by the following tips ::

1. Use separate equipment

2. Clean and sanitize all work surfaces

3. Remind employees to wash their hands

4. Purchase prepared food

5. Implement a personal hygiene program.