Questions

It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design

The National Survey and Mapping Organization of the country under the Department of Science & Technology is The Survey of India. It was founded by The East India Company in the year 1767, head quartered in Dehradun.

The East India Company appointed James Rennell to survey the Bengal Presidency in 1767.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and do not have an extensive system of interior membranes. They are encased in a cell wall and many contain external structures such as a capsule, flagellum, or pili. Prokaryotes – have a relatively uniform interior that is not subdivided by internal membranes.

When the piece of iron is lowered into the water, the water level in the bucket increases. And so the pressure at the bottom of bucket also increases. Thus the total thrust at bottom also increases. Therefore the spring balance reading increases. Thus (a) is correct.

The technology giant Apple has been named as the most innovative company of 2016, as per Boston Consulting Group (BCG) 2016 analysis. In the list of world’s 50 most innovative companies, Google has been ranked second, followed by Tesla Motors, Microsoft, Amazon, Netflix, Samsung, Toyota, Facebook and IBM. 

Adders are generally of five types:

1.Ripple Carry Adder:

The Ripple carry adder(RCA) consists of a building block named Half Adder(HA) which is cascaded to form a Full Adder(FA). These buildingblocks HAs and FAs are also the building blocks of all types of adders.The n full adders are cascaded to form n bit RCA.

The full adder has three input pins(input Ai,input Bi,carryin Ci) and two output pins(Sum and Ci+1).Its equations are:

Sum=Ai^Bi^Ci

Ci+1=Ai.Bi+Bi.Ci+Ai.Ci

2. Carry Lookahead Adder:

The Carry Lookahead Adder(CLA) reduces the delay as that in RCA. Let Gi=Ai.Bi, and Pi=Ai^Bi, then Ci+1=Gi+Pi.Ci.

The expressions for Sum and Ci+1 is then defined completely in terms of input pins rather wait for input carry to appear.

3. Carry Select Adder:

The carry select adder uses duplicate modules for each combination of input carry(i.e. 1 and 0).The multiplexers then select the appropriate sum and carry output according to the carry output of the preceding stages.

4. Carry Skip Adder:

The carry skip adder are as fast as carry lookahead adders which are the fastest adders but its spped decreases to about 20-30% if input operands are 64-bit or more. In these adders we divide the input bit stream into various blocks and make use of two observations:

-if each element of the two bit streams are unequal,i.e. Ai!=Bi than the carry input of the block is equal to the carry input.

-if each element of the two bit streams are equal,i.e. Ai=Bi than the carry input of the block is opposite of the carry input.

5. Carry Save Adder:

The carry save adder reduces the addition of three elements into addition of two elements,i.e. if you want sum of nine numbers it reduces it into sum of six numbers. In first step the sum of three numbers is calculated without bothering for the carry.During the second step only carry is calculated which is then added to the generated sum to give the required sum. 

Author of the book A journey  is Tony Blair