Questions

True, Earth is a system comprised of interacting processes. Such processes include carbon cycle, water cycle, Phosphorous cycle,...

The best example for somatic mutation would be cancer, familial cancer (which transmits through gametes to the next generation) are not so common while sporadic cancer is seen the most where body cells of a particular area goes through mutations for a number of years and becomes cancerous, but it is not transmitted to next generation.

Memory refresh is the process of periodically reading information from an area of computer memory and immediately rewriting the read information to the same area without modification, for the purpose of preserving the information.

Memory refresh is a background maintenance process required during the operation of semiconductor dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), the most widely used type of computer memory.

I am black gold i.e charcoal. It is black when it is not used and when using it is red due to fire and when used it is in grey color as it becomes ash.