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Article 192

Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest military decoration awarded for the displaying distinguished acts of valor during the war.

Ashok Chakra Award – An Indian military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. It is the peacetime equivalent of the Param Vir Chakra.

Kirti Chakra – Second in order of precedence of peacetime gallantry awards.


Maha Vir Chakra (MVC) is literally called a great warrior medal. Vir Chakra is an Indian gallantry award presented for acts of bravery in the wars.

We know that All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.

Water is a molecule because it is made from atoms that have been chemically combined. It is also a compound because the atoms that make water are not all the same - some are oxygen and some are hydrogen.

Hence, Water is a molecule and a compound.

The given compound is NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate which is commonly known as Baking soda.

Oxidation numbers are the charges on ions. When a neutral atom loses electrons it becomes positively charged. When a neutral atom gains electrons it becomes negatively charged.

Here the C represents the oxidation state of carbon in this compound. Compounds are electrically neutral, which is why we set the sum of the oxidation states equal to zero.

Sodium has a +1 oxidation state. Hydrogen has a +1 oxidation state. Oxygen has a -2 oxidation state. There are three oxygen atoms, which means the total oxidation state provided by both oxygen ions is -6. Adding up these oxidation states we get:

1 + 1 + (-6) + C = 0

-4 + C = 0

=> C = 4

This means the oxidation state of carbon in this compound is +4.

In terms of the Earth's atmosphere, they occupy regions called the thermosphere and the exosphere. The layer through which a satellite orbits depends on the satellite's function and the kind of orbit it has.

The thermosphere is a region of very high temperature that extends from the top of the mesosphere at around 85 kilometers (53 miles) up to 640 kilometers (400 miles) above the Earth's surface. It is called the thermosphere because temperatures can reach up to 1,500 degrees Celsius (2,732 degrees Fahrenheit).

However, despite the high temperatures, the pressure is very low, so satellites don't suffer heat damage.