Questions

Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability.

Examples of compounds with covalent bonds ::

HCl, CO2, O2,... 

Tax that uses the same rate for all income levels is proportional tax.

A clade is a group of ancestral species and all its descendants. Hence it is a branch of one same species and so monophyletic.

The President can declare financial emergency under Article 360.

Immediate, Direct, Register, Register indirect, Implied addressing modes.

For D latch: always@(enable) q<=d;

For D flip flop: always@(opsedge clock) q<=d;