Questions

Life Cycle costing includes the costs from each phase of the project life cycle when the total investment costs are calculated. Answer A is incorrect because an opportunity cost is the difference between a chosen investment and the one that is passed up. Answer B is incorrect because sunk costs are costs that have been incurred and cannot be reversed. Answer C is incorrect because net present value (NPV) is the present value of cash inflows(benifits) minus the present value of cash outflows (costs).

Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the implementing agency of Pradhan Mantri Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP). BPPI was established in December2008 under the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Government of India. The Bureau has been registered as an independent society under the Societies RegistrationAct, 1860 as a separate independent legal entity in April, 2010. BPPI follows the provisions of GFR, 2017 as amended from time to time, the CVC guidelines, and instructions from the Department of Pharmaceuticals.

Paper production is basically a two-step process in which a fibrous raw material is first converted into pulp, and then the pulp is converted into paper. The harvestedwood is first processed so that the fibres are separated from the unusable fraction of the wood, the lignin. Pulp making can be done mechanically or chemically. In the chemical pulping process, alkali (e.g., sodium hydroxide in the form of a lye or caustic soda) is usually used to remove the lignin that binds the fibres. So, for degumming of raw material, caustic soda is used.

Galloping inflation is also known as jumping inflation.

It refers to a type of inflation that occurs when the prices of goods and services increase at the two-digit or three-digit rate per annum.