Questions

Random mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation. Mutations are likely to be rare and most mutations are neutral or deleterious, but in some instances, the new alleles can be favored by natural selection. Polyploidy is an example of chromosomal mutation.

Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect.

1) mutation - an alteration in DNA sequence, various types

2) intragenic recombination - results in entirely new associations of genes not present in either parental genome.

Two forms of intragenic recombination:

a) crossing over
b) independent assortment
3) reticulation – acquisition of genetic material from unrelated or relatively unrelated sources (e.g., hybrid species, horizontal gene transfer).

Total Output is a synonym for Aggregate supply or Initial production.

Ramesh Agrawal

The primary use of iron ore is in the production of iron. Most of the iron produced is then used to make steel. Steel is used to make automobiles, locomotives, ships, beams used in buildings, furniture, paper clips, tools, reinforcing rods for concrete, bicycles, and thousands of other items.

A person who believes in fate is called as Fatalist or also called as Determinist or Predestinarianist.

The name given to the bond between water molecules is a hydrogen bond. These bonds occur between the slightly negative oxygen of one water molecule and the slightly positive hydrogen of another water molecule. Hydrogen bonding gives water special physical properties.

The differences in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen lead to an unequal sharing of electrons. Electronegativity measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons. Oxygen, with its higher electronegativity, pulls on the shared electrons more, giving the oxygen atom a partial net negative charge. The shared electrons spend less time with the hydrogen atoms; therefore, the hydrogen regions of water have partial positive charges.

Key Challenges of s/w testing:

1. Testing considered late in project

2. Requirements not testable

3. Integration is done after all components have been developed: This might result into full testing not being covered.

4. Complete testing is not possible