Questions

Besides  some  federal  features,the Constitution of India also has some unitary  features  as  well.  All  States have  no  equal  representation  in the  Rajya  Sabha,because  in  India the states are given representation in the Rajya Sabha on the basis of population.  Hence,  the  number  of representatives  varies  from  state to    state, for    instance,    Uttar Pradesh  has  31  members  whereas Tripura  has  only  1  member.This principle    is    considered    as    a safeguard    for    smaller    states.States  in  India  also  have  no  right to territorial integrity. The Parliament  can  change  the  area,boundaries  or  name  of  any  state by unilateral action, So the consent of   a   State   is   not   required   for altering  its  boundaries,Moreover,despite dual Polity,the Constitution  of  India  adopted  the system  of Single citizenship.There is  only  Indian  citizenship  and  no separate state citizenship.

The  Indianconstitution  guarantees Cultural   and   Educational   Rights under  articles  29  and  30.Under article   29,   this   article   seeks   to protect    the    interests    of    the minority  communities.  This  article confers the freedom to all citizens, residing  in  different  parts  of  the land,   to   conserve   their   distinct languages, scripts or cultures state shall   not   impose   upon   it   any culture other than the community’s own  culture.  This  article  further assures  that  no  citizen  shall  be denied  admission  into  any  state-run    or    state-aided    educational institution   on   grounds   only   of religion,  race,  caste,  language  or any of them. And Under article 30, It    provides    that    all    minority communities—religion  or  linguistic, have  the  right  to  establish  and administer  educational  institutions of  their  choice.  In  granting  aid  to educational  institutions,  the  state shall    not    discriminate    on    the grounds of religion or language.