Questions

The term PIL refers to Public Interest Litigation.

Public Interest Litigation was originated in United States in 1980's. 

Public Interest Litigation is directly filed by an individual or group of people in the Supreme Court of India and High Courts and judicial member.  This petition is accepted by the court only if there is interest of large public involved. Generally this petition is filed by a public spirited person or organisation, if it was felt that certain interests are undermined by the government.

D.C series motor both armature and feild connected in series at noload condition current drawn by the motor is zero Ia=0 flux also zero. but very small amount of flux avalible because of residual magnetism

in series motor speed  =  N α Eb/Φ Eb almost conistant

                                 =    N α 1/Φ

At no load condition d.c series can be run as dangerously very high so d.c series motor
operated at load condition only

The 8th amendment of the US constitution tells the government not to give excessive bail, nor fines , nor unusual punishments.