Questions

Water reabsorption by the renal tubules is harmonally controlled and it is a osmosis mechanism.

a.) Testing and Debugging 

Testing is process of verifying if the application matches requirements and reporting bugs; Testing is usually done by an independent testing team while debugging is a process of finding and fixing bugs with the intention of reducing bugs; Debugging is usually done by the programmer.

b.) Two tier and Three tier architecture

In a two tier architecture there is a data server and a client application. Client application directly accesses the server data. In a three tier architecture there is a data server, a client application and a server application. Client application calls the server application which in turn fetches data from the data server and returns back to client application.

c.) Alpha testing and Beta testing

Alpha testing is conducting acceptance testing in the environment where the application was developed. It is done by the customer. Beta testing is conducting acceptance testing is the customer environment. It is done by the group of customers or users who will actually be using it.

d.) Static testing and dynamic testing

Static testing is checking the application without actually running the application whereas dynamic testing checks the application by running it.

The Preamble proclaims the solemn resolution of the people of India to constitute India into a 'Sovereign socialist secular democratic republic'.

Since, the sentence starts talking about the leader of the opposition, the connecting statement will be R as it carries a relative pronoun ‘who’ which relates the sentences. S follows as it states the disappointment of the leader and the next statement talked about the reason of disappointment. P would be the concluding statement as it goes with the flow describing how the leader decided to convince the assembly and thus makes a coherent paragraph.

The correct formation would be, ‘The leader of the opposition who had a reputation for speech making was very much disappointed on realising that he had failed to convince the assembly in the manner he had planned to convince them’.

There are two IP address assigned to each device on a Wi-Fi network.

An Internal (Private) and an External (Public) IP address.

Internal IP address is used for communication between Your computer and a smartphone or whatever devices that are connected to that Wifi network. This is unique for each. If they are same the system cannot differentiate between each device.

While, the External IP address is that visible to the the internet - the websites, the internet connected Apps so on. By default, Routers with NAT (all routers today have it) assign same Public IP address to all devices under its network.

Permanent hardness of water may be removed by the addition of Sodium Carbonate.