Questions

Unlike other gas cycles, the phosphorus cycle differs in having atmospheric reservoir. No other gases are involved in it.

The meanings of the given words are as follows:
Recalcitrant: having an obstinately uncooperative attitude towards authority or discipline
Peculiar: different to what is normal or
expected; strange Convivial: (of an atmosphere or event) friendly, lively, and enjoyable
Amenable: open and responsive to suggestion; easily persuaded or controlled
Docile: ready to accept control or instruction; submissive
Taciturn: (of a person) reserved or uncommunicative in speech; saying little
Withering: intended to make someone feel humiliated; scornful
Voluble: (of a person) talking fluently, readily, or incessantly
Turgid: swollen and distended or congested
Pendulous: hanging down loosely
Jocular: fond of or characterized by joking; humorous or playful
Therefore, it can be observed that option B i.e. ‘amenable, docile’ forms an antonym- antonym pair of ‘recalcitrant’.

From the history,

The Erie Canal was completed in 1800's

The signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and after that the American Revolution was started in the same 1776.

The Iroquios Confederacy was formed early when the Europeans first began comonizing, may be early in 1600's.

So, from the above data of history, Iroquois tribes formed the Iroquois Confederacy was the event that occured first among the options.

Lutheranism, the branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther.