Technical Questions

The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.

The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address

The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.

baud rate = bit rate / N

where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

Hubs are specified or operate at Layer1 i.e, the physical layer in the OSI model. Hubs regenerate electrical signals. A hub sends data packets (frames) to all devices on a network, regardless of any MAC addresses contained in the data packet.

Telnet uses TCP at layer 4. It uses IP at layer 3. We know that Telnet uses TCP/IP protocol, but in the question, it is asked specifically at layer 4 what is used in Telnet. So it is TCP at layer4 and IP at layer 3.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) which defined an IP address as a 32-bit value

IPv4 is in contrast to IPv6, which defined an IP address as a 128 bits value.