Exams

The  Directive  Principles  of  State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51.   The   Directive   Principles   are non-justiciable  in  nature,  that  is, they are not legally enforceable by the  courts  for  their  violation.  So, the     Governments     cannot     be compelled   to   implement   them.Although the Constitution in Article 37  itself  says  that  these  principles are fundamental in the governance of  the  country  and  it  shall  be  the duty  of  the  State  to  apply  these principles  in  making  laws. These principles  reflect  the  ideology  of socialism, Gandhian and liberalism.

Gobind BehariLal: He came to study at the University of California in Berkeley in 1912 on the Guru Govind Singh Sahib Scholarship. He later became the science editor of the San Francisco Examiner. He won the Pulitzer Prize for journalism in 1937.

The life-cycle theory of consumption, popularly known as life-cycle hypothesis,' was developed by Ando and Modigliani" in the early 1960s.

The life-cycle hypothesis postulates that individual consumption in any time period depends on

(i) resources available to the individual,

(ii) the rate of return on his capital, and

(iii) the age of the individual.

The resources available to an individual consist of his existing net wealth and the present value of all his current and future labour incomes. According to the life-cycle hypothesis, a rational consumer plans consumption on the basis of all his resources and allocates his income to consumption over time so that he maximizes his total utility over his life time.