Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, formerly Latinized as Algorithmi,was a Persianscholar who produced works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography under the patronage of the Caliph Al-Ma'mun of the Abbasid Caliphate.

He also developed the concept of the algorithm in mathematics, which is why some have called him the "grandfather of computer science".

His name gave rise to the terms algorism and algorithm.

Adam Smith propounded the following first four canons of taxation -(1)Canon of Equity. (2) Canon of Certainty: (3) Canon of Convenience or Ease (4) Canon of Economy.

The life-cycle theory of consumption, popularly known as life-cycle hypothesis,' was developed by Ando and Modigliani" in the early 1960s.

The life-cycle hypothesis postulates that individual consumption in any time period depends on

(i) resources available to the individual,

(ii) the rate of return on his capital, and

(iii) the age of the individual.

The resources available to an individual consist of his existing net wealth and the present value of all his current and future labour incomes. According to the life-cycle hypothesis, a rational consumer plans consumption on the basis of all his resources and allocates his income to consumption over time so that he maximizes his total utility over his life time.

According to the Survey, inflation in the country continued to moderate during 2017-18 with the CPI based headline inflation averaging 3.3 per cent during the period --the lowest in the last six financial years

Retail inflation fell to a record low of 2.18% in May as prices of kitchen staples like vegetables and pulses declined sharply although there was a marginal spike in fruit rates.

Article 323A provides that Parliament may by law establish tribunals for adjudication of disputes concerning recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public service under Central, State or any Local or other authority or a corporation owned or controlled by the Government of India. The law made by Parliament for the purpose may specify the jurisdiction and procedure of the tribunals. Under clause 2(d), the law may exclude the jurisdiction of all courts except that of the Supreme Court under article 136 with respect to the service matters falling within the purview of the tribunals.

The act provides for a five-year term of office to the panchayat at every level. However, it can be dissolved before the completion of its term.the state legislature shall provide for the reservation of offices of chairperson in the panchayat at the village or any other level for the SCs and STs. The state legislature may make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.

3 is incorrect.

The total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council shall not exceed one-third of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly of that State: Provided that the total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State shall in no case be less than forty.

Of the total number of members of the Legislative council of a State-

(a) as nearly as may be, one-third shall be elected by electorates consisting of members of municipalities, district boards and such other local authorities in the State as Parliament may by law specify;

(b) as nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of persons residing in the State who have been for at least three years graduates of any university in the territory of India or have been for at least three years in possession ofqualifications prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament as equivalent to that of a graduate of any such university;

(c) as nearly as may be, one-twelfth shall be elected by electorates consisting of persons who have been for at least three years engaged in teaching in such educational institutions within the State, not lower in standard than that of a secondary school, as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament;

(d) as nearly as may be, one-third shall be elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly of the State from amongst persons who are not members of the Assembly;

(e) the remainder shall be nominated by the Governor in accordance with the provisions of clause.

There are only seven states which have two-tier of legislature –Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Jammu & Kashmir.

Provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947. There were six primary provisions in the ‘Indian Independence Act’ 1947.