Walkthrogh: Very informal type of review or testing method. Done by peers, so its called peer review.

Inspection: very technical type of review or testing method, done by the highly technically sound people.

Exploratory testing: means testing an application without a test plan and test script. In exploring testing test explore the application on the basis on his knowledge. The tester has no knowledge about the application previously. He explores the application like an end user and try to use it. While using the application his main motive is to find the bugs which are in the application.

Specification-driven testing: means to test the functionality of software according to the user requirements. In this, tester inputs multiple data and monitors the outputs from, the test object. In this testing tester evaluate the showstopper bugs which break the major functionality of the application. This type of testing requires test plan and test.

Bottom Up Approach:

The bottom up approach testing approach is carried out with the help of the test driver. The test driver calls a component to be tested.

The modules in the lower level of call hierarchy are tested independently. Then the next level modules are tested that call previously tested modules. This is done repeatedly until all the modules are included in the testing.

Bottom up testing stops when the top module in the call hierarchy is tested with all lower call hierarchy modules.

Top Down Approach:

The top down approach is carried out with the help of the test stub. Test stub are the dummy programs. The Stub is called from the software component to be tested.

Tests top layer of controlling subsystem first. Then combine modules that are called by the tested modules and test resulted collection of modules.

Do this until all the modules are combined and tested.

The differences in responsibilities are listed below:

- QA is concern for Process Quality and Programmers are concern for Product Quality.

- QA ensure that the processes used for developing the product of high quality where as programmers used these processes so that end product is of good quality.

- Processes are decided by QA. Programmers are supposed to follow the processes so that they can produce a good quality product.

- Any issue found during execution of process by the programmers is communicated to the QA so that they can improve the process.

Priority: concern with application from the business point of view. It answers  How quickly we need to fix the bug? Or How soon the bug should get fixed?

Severity: concern with functionality of application. It deals with the impact of the bug on the application.

Quality Assurance (QA): QA refers to the planned and systematic way of monitoring the quality of process which is followed to produce a quality product. QA tracks the outcomes and adjusts the process to meet the expectation.

Quality Control (QC): Concern with the quality of the product. QC finds the defects and suggests improvements. The process set by QA is implemented by QC. The QC is the responsibility of the tester.

Software Testing: is the process of ensuring that product which is developed by the developer meets the user requirement. The motive to perform testing is to find the bugs and make sure that they get fixed.

In Stop and wait protocol, sender sends one frame, waits until it receives confirmation from the receiver (okay to go ahead), and then sends the next frame.

The correction of errors is more difficult than the detection. In error detection, checks only any error has occurred. In error correction, the exact number of bits that are corrupted and location in the message are known. The number of the errors and the size of the message are important factors.