In 1861, civil war broke out in the USA. USA was the largest supplier of cotton to Britain. Once the civil war broke out, the demand for cotton from India became high and this led to a surge in cotton cultivation in India and there was a period of ‘boom’ then.In May and June 1875, peasants of Maharashtra in some parts of Pune, Satara and Ahmednagar districts revolted against increasing agrarian distress. The Deccan Riots of 1875 targeted conditions of debt peonage (kamiuti) to moneylenders.In 1879, the Agriculturists Relief Act was passed which ensured that the farmers could not be arrested and imprisoned if they were unable to pay their debts.

Adi Shankara or Shankara, was an early 8th century Indian philosopher and the ologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.
He is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism. It is with his teacher Govinda, that Shankara studied Gaudapadiya Karika, as Govinda was himself taught by Gaudapada.

The Dhanush is a 155 mm towed howitzer used by the Indian Army.The gun has been developed by the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), Kolkata, after going through design documents running into over 12,000 pages. These documents were given to India as part of the first phase of “Transfer of Technology” (ToT) under the Bofors gun deal.

"If you feel you are trapped in a black hole, don't give up. There is a way out." —Stephen Hawking.

Article-20 of the Constitutiongrants protection against arbitrary and excessive punishment to an accused person. It contains three provisions in that direction No Ex-post-facto Law No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act nor subjected to a penalty greater than that prescribed by the law in force at the time ofthe commission of the Act.No Double Jeopardy No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once.No Self-incrimination No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.As per the Constitution, a person/entity can be tried retrospectively in certain instances as provided by the law

The Citizenship Act, 1955, prescribes three ways of losing citizenship whether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz. renunciation, termination and deprivation:

1. By Renunciation: Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make adeclaration renouncing his Indian citizenship.

2. By Termination: When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country.

3. By Deprivation:It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if:

●the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud:●the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India:

●the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war;

●the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and

●the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously

Fundamental Rights available to only citizens and not foreigners

●Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15).

●Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16).

●Six basic freedoms subject to reasonable restrictions (Article 19).

●Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article 29).

●Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30).

The Golaknath Case of 1967 relates to the power of the Parliament to curtail the Fundamental Rights provided in the Constitution.In 1967, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decisions in Golaknath v. State of Punjab. It held that Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Constitution are given a "transcendental position" and arebeyond the reach of Parliament. It also declared any amendment that "takes away or abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III as unconstitutional. By 1973, the basic structure doctrine triumphed in Justice Hans Raj Khanna's judgment in the landmark decision of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala.