After the deaths of  Cromwell monarchy was restored and Charles II was made king of England. He and his successor, James II tried to assert the superiority of the monarchy. But feelings against this kind of rule had grown too strong. In 1688, a group of politicians invited William of Orange, the husband of James II's daughter, Mary, and rulers of Holland, to become king. Without firing a shot, William reached London and James II fled to France. The throne was granted to William and Mary Jointly. This event is known as the 'Glorious Revolution' . This revolution marked the triumph of parliament over the monarchy.

The sacred books of judaism form the Old Testament and Aporypha. These books contain the history of the Jews and lay down the religious laws and ethics which they must follow.

In 37 BC, Octavian became the most powerful man in the Roman Empire for 44 years under the titles of Augustus, which meant 'holy' and imperator, meaning 'Victorious general'. He also called himself Princeps, 'first citizen of the state'. The period of Roman history beginning with his rule upto A.D 284 is called the principate. His rule and the period following it were  peaceful and  are known in history as 'Pax Romana' which means 'Roman Peace'

In 454 B.C, laws were codified in Rome. The laws were written on tablets of wood and were known as 'Laws of Twelve Tables'.

Two poems, credited to a poet named Homer, provide a great deal of information about the life and institutions of the early Greeks. The Iliad is the story of siege and destruction of the city of Troy, on the western coast of Asia miner. The Odyssey describes the adventures and return home, from troy , of a Greek hero, Odysseus.

In the middle of the 6th centuryB.C, a powerful empire was established in Iran this empire which lasted over two centuries is known as the Achaemenid Empire. The founder of this Empire was Cyrus with his capital at pasargadae. In 539 B.C, cyrus defeated the Babylonians and extended his empire over a vast territory up to Asia Miner. His successor was Darius I (522-486 B.C).

The 'sphinx' is a mythological animal with the body of a lion and the head of man. Each Sphinx was carved out of a single solid stone.