Asc() - Returns ANSI Character Code 

Chr() - Returns Character from ANSI Code 

InStr() - Find a string within another 

InStrRev() - Find a string within another (Reverse) 

LCase() - Convert a string to lowercase 

Left() - Crops a string from left 

Len() - Determine the length of a string 

LTrim() - Remove leading spaces from a string 

Mid() - Crops a string 

Replace() - Replace a substring within a string 

Right() - Crops a string from right 

RTrim() - Remove trailing spaces from a string 

Space() - Creates a string with the specified number of spaces 

StrComp() - Compare two strings 

String() - Creates a repeated character string 

StrReverse() - Reverse the characters of a string 

Trim() - Remove both leading and trailing spaces from a string 

UCase() - Convert a string to uppercase 

Math object has two constant : Math.PI and Math.E

Math object has following functions:

- Math.abs(val1);

It will give absolute value of val1.

- Math.max(val1,val2);

This fuction will return maximum value from val1 and val2.

- Math.random();

This function will return a random number between 0 and 1.

- Math.floor(val1)

This function will returns decimal value of val1

Files can be read and written by using java script functions – fopen(),fread() and fwrite().

The function fopen() takes two parameters – 1. Path and 2. Mode (0 for reading and 3 for writing). The fopen() function returns -1, if the file is successfully opened.

Ex: file=fopen(getScriptPath(),0);

The function fread() is used for reading the file content.

Ex: str = fread(file,flength(file));

The function fwrite() is used to write the contents to the file.

Ex(): file = fopen("c:\MyFile.txt", 3);// opens the file for writing

fwrite(file, str);// str is the content that is to be written into the file.

The elements of JavaScript are accessed by their names. By default the browser is accessed by the element ‘windows’ and the page by ‘document’. The corresponding element has user defined names for forms and its elements. For example

var pwd = windows.document.frmLogin.password.value;

assigns the value of the password field of the form fromLogin in the current document, where password is the name of the element and frmLogin is the name of the form. Like wise any form element is accessed.

When we add many spaces in the content then HTML remove all space except one space this is Non Breaking Space. To overcome this problem we use “&nbsp”. Suppose we want to add 3 space between two words then we have to use &nbp three time. 

- Frames make it easier to navigate through a site. 

- The links that appear in the frame can appear through out the site.

SELECT COUNT(*), sex from Employees  WHERE  DOB BETWEEN ‘01/01/1960 ' AND ‘31/12/1975’  GROUP BY sex;

SELECT  * from Employees  WHERE  upper(EmpName) like upper('joe%');