The security laws which are implements to secure data in the cloud are as follows:

- Input validation : controls the input data which is being to any system.

- Processing  : control that the data is being processed correctly and completely in an application.

- File : control the data being manipulated in any type of file.

- Output reconciliation : control the data that has to be reconciled from input to output.

- Backup and recovery: control the security breaches logs and the problems which has occurred while creating the back.

•  NO_CACHE – It is used for not caching values.


•  PRE_LOAD_CACHE – Result column preloads and compares the column into the memory, prior to executing the lookup.


•  PRE_LOAD_CACHE is used when the table can exactly fit in the memory space.


•  DEMAND_LOAD_CACHE – Result column loads and compares the column into the memory when a function performs the execution.


•  DEMAND_LOAD_CACHE is suitable while looking up the highly repetitive values with small subset of data.

- Agglomerative Hierarchical clustering method allows the clusters to be read from bottom to top and it follows this approach so that the program always reads from the sub-component first then moves to the parent. Whereas, divisive uses top-bottom approach in which the parent is visited first then the child. 

- Agglomerative hierarchical method consists of objects in which each object creates its own clusters and these clusters are grouped together to create a large cluster. It defines a process of merging that carries on till all the single clusters are merged together into a complete big cluster that will consists of all the objects of child clusters. Whereas, in divisive the parent cluster is divided into smaller cluster and it keeps on dividing till each cluster has a single object to represent.

Star schema: A highly de-normalized technique. A star schema has one fact table and is associated with numerous dimensions table and depicts a star.

Snow flake schema: The normalized principles applied star schema is known as Snow flake schema. Every dimension table is associated with sub dimension table.

Differences:

- A dimension table will not have parent table in star schema, whereas snow flake schemas have one or more parent tables.

- The dimensional table itself consists of hierarchies of dimensions in star schema, where as hierarchies are split into different tables in snow flake schema. The drilling down data from top most hierarchies to the lowermost hierarchies can be done.

Htmlentities() converts all applicable characters to HTML entities. While htmlspecialcharacter()converts special characters to HTML entities. This means htmlentities( ) will check for non English language characters, such as French accents, the German umlaut, etc.

Chmod() is used for changing permissions on a file.

Syntax:

Chmod(file, mode)

Mode here specifies the permissions as follows:

The first number is always zero

The second number specifies permissions for the owner

The third number specifies permissions for the owner's user group

The fourth number specifies permissions for everybody else

Possible values (to set multiple permissions, add up the following numbers)

1 = execute permissions

2 = write permissions

4 = read permissions

Example:

// everything for owner, read for owner's group

chmod("test.txt",0740);

PHP is rapidly gaining the popularity and many companies are switching their current language for this language. PHP is a server side scripting language. PHP executes the instructions on the server itself. Server is a computer where the web site is located. PHP is used to create dynamic pages and provides faster execution of the instructions.

HTTP headers can be used in PHP by redirection which is written as:

<?header('Location: https://www.php.net')?>

The headers can be added to HTTP response in PHP using the header(). The response headers are sent before any actual response being sent. The HTTP headers have to be sent before taking the output of any data. The statement above gets included at the top of the script.