Apollo 11

The wide gap between the aims of the French Revolution(equality in economic, social and political life) and the actual conditions in France after revolution created serious discontent among the people. It led to an attempt to overthrow the existing government in France with a view to building a society based on socialist ideas. This attempt, known as Babeuf's conspiracy, is an important event in the history of socialism.

      The conspiracy,as the name indicates, was the work of Noel Babeuf. He was born in 1760 and has participated in the French Revolution . He organised a secret society called the 'Society of the Equals'. 

The struggle for Italian independence and unification was organised by the two famous revolutionaries of Italy Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi. The movement led by them is known as the 'Young Italy' movement. It aimed at the independence and unification of Italy and the establishment of republic there.

In 1814, George Stephenson developed steam engine to haul coal from mines to ports by railways. In 1830, the first railway train began to carry passengers and freight from Liverpool to Manchester.

The Early Middle Ages have often been called the Dark Ages, and to some extent  they were truly dark. The people led a miserable life. Education was very uncommon. The helplessness of the comman man the arbitary rule of the king and the barons and the absence of national unity-all these conditions were common in Europe. The term 'Middle Ages' does not cover a uniform period for all the countries of the world.For Europe and the Westren World , the 'Middle Ages' are generally considered to be the period between AD 500 and AD 1500.

In 37 BC, Octavian became the most powerful man in the Roman Empire for 44 years under the titles of Augustus, which meant 'holy' and imperator, meaning 'Victorious general'. He also called himself Princeps, 'first citizen of the state'. The period of Roman history beginning with his rule upto A.D 284 is called the principate. His rule and the period following it were  peaceful and  are known in history as 'Pax Romana' which means 'Roman Peace'

The Stoic School taught that man should accept his fate, since he cannot change it. According to Stoics, serenity of mind is the goal all men should strive to attain.Epicureans believed that the highest good for man is pleasure ,but they aimed at tranquility of mind rather than indulgence in pleasures.

The Great wall is a mighty monument to the building skill of ancient China. This wall, built of stone and earth to a height of 6 metres and extending over 2400 kilometres of hills and valleys, links the east coast with the mountains of the west right across northern China. The wall was wide enough for a carriage to go through.At intervals of every few hundred metres were located watch towers for warriors. Such a large study construction must have taken decades and an army of labourers to complete it.