EXECUTE IMMEDIATE command can be used to call DDL statements. 

Example:

BEGIN

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE  'TRUNCATE TABLE employee';

END;

The UTL_FILE database package can be used to read and write operating system files. You need to have read /write access rights in that directory before the package can be used.

Example to write file:

Fhandler is a variable of type UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE

UTL_FILE.PUTF(fHandler, 'Im writing to a file\n');

Example to read file:

UTL_FILE.GET_LINE(fHandler, buf);

Even though both PL/SQL and Java (or) .NET can be used, PL/SQL stands above these two in terms of integration overhead. This is because Java is an open source proprietary and Data manipulation is slightly faster in PL/SQL than in Java. 

Joins are used to combine data of one or more tables. Joins should be used when there is abundant data. Joins can be LEFT, RIGHT, OUTER, INNER or even SELF JOIN. The purpose is to bind data from multiple tables without any receptivity

A unique constraint on a column uniquely identifies the record by a combination of one or more fields. Few unique constraint fields can have a NULL value as long as the combination of values is unique.

Example:
create table employee ( id number NOT NULL, dob DATE, professor_id NOT NULL, Name varchar(200) Constraint id_unique UNIQUE(id,dob) );

A foreign key is a reference to another table. It is used to establish relationships between tables. For example, relationship between employee and professor table. One employee can have multiple professors. The Primary key of employee becomes foreign key of professor.
Example:
create table employee ( id number NOT NULL, professor_id NOT NULL, Name varchar(200) Constraint prim_id Foreign key(id) references professor(professor_id) );

Primary key constraint ensures that the column(s) always has a unique value to identify the record.
Example:
Below, the primary key is created for column id with name prim_id.
create table employee ( id number NOT NULL, Name varchar(200) Constraint prim_id primary key(id) );

Oracle NOT NULL is used on a column to ensure that the value for that column can never be NULL.
Example:
Below, the constraint is that the id should never be NULL. If it is, oracle throws an error.
create table employee ( id number NOT NULL, Name varchar(200) );