I have used following 4 types of Methodologies: 

1. Boundary value analysis   

2. Equivalence partitioning   

3. Error guessing   

4. Cause effect graphing

Testing is a process used for revealing defects in s/w and for establishing that the s/w has attained a specific degree of quality.

The s/w testing group’s main objective is to ensure that the s/w is doing what it is supposed to do as well as the s/w is not doing what it is not supposed to do. With this objective, it is clear that it is necessary to have a separate group for testing the s/w other than the group which developed it.

Also, bugs in the s/w can cause severe monetary as well as other loss to the organization. So it is important to allocate some budget for the testing group.

The word assurance means ‘guarantee’. So the Quality Assurance Group’s role is to guarantee that the product is of high quality. They examine the overall s/w development process and their responsibility is to create and enforce standards and methods to improve it with the goal of preventing bugs from ever occurring.

clearly argument 1 holds strong,while argument 2 is vague

There are situations, called hazards, that prevent the next insturction in the instruction stream from executing during its designated clock cycle. hazards reduce the performance from the ideal speedup gained by pipelining.

There are three classes of Hazards:

1. Structural hazards: It arise from resource conficts when the hardware cannot support all possible combinations of instructions simultaniously in overlapped execution.

2. Data Hazards: It arise when an instruction depends on the results of previous instruction in a way that is exposed by the overlapping of instructions in the pipeline.

3.control hazards. it arise from the pipelining of branches and other instructions that chage the PC.

Pollution at ground level is the most hazardious in the way of being injuriousto human and animal life.So,argument 1 alone holds

Oil being an essential commodity ,our country must keep it in reserve.So argument 1 is vague,while argument 2 holds as it provides a substancial reason for the same

1.Logout of your computer each time you have finished using it

2.Install and use anti-virus software on your computer 

3.Do not use emails on your machine

4.Make sure all your files are safely stored to your floppy disks