The sacred books of judaism form the Old Testament and Aporypha. These books contain the history of the Jews and lay down the religious laws and ethics which they must follow.

In 37 BC, Octavian became the most powerful man in the Roman Empire for 44 years under the titles of Augustus, which meant 'holy' and imperator, meaning 'Victorious general'. He also called himself Princeps, 'first citizen of the state'. The period of Roman history beginning with his rule upto A.D 284 is called the principate. His rule and the period following it were  peaceful and  are known in history as 'Pax Romana' which means 'Roman Peace'

In 454 B.C, laws were codified in Rome. The laws were written on tablets of wood and were known as 'Laws of Twelve Tables'.

Two poems, credited to a poet named Homer, provide a great deal of information about the life and institutions of the early Greeks. The Iliad is the story of siege and destruction of the city of Troy, on the western coast of Asia miner. The Odyssey describes the adventures and return home, from troy , of a Greek hero, Odysseus.

In the middle of the 6th centuryB.C, a powerful empire was established in Iran this empire which lasted over two centuries is known as the Achaemenid Empire. The founder of this Empire was Cyrus with his capital at pasargadae. In 539 B.C, cyrus defeated the Babylonians and extended his empire over a vast territory up to Asia Miner. His successor was Darius I (522-486 B.C).

The Great wall is a mighty monument to the building skill of ancient China. This wall, built of stone and earth to a height of 6 metres and extending over 2400 kilometres of hills and valleys, links the east coast with the mountains of the west right across northern China. The wall was wide enough for a carriage to go through.At intervals of every few hundred metres were located watch towers for warriors. Such a large study construction must have taken decades and an army of labourers to complete it. 

The Egyptian scripts is known as Hieroglyphic which means 'sacred writing' . It consisted of 24 signs, each of which stood for a single consonant. Vowels were not written. Later the Egyptian started using symbols for ideas and the total number of signs rose to about 500. The writers, who constituted an important section of society , wrote with reed pens on the leaves of a plant called 'Papyrus' from which we get the word 'paper'.

The 'sphinx' is a mythological animal with the body of a lion and the head of man. Each Sphinx was carved out of a single solid stone.