User data: Modifiable part of user space. May include program data, user stack area, and programs that may be modified.

User program: The instructions to be executed.

System Stack: Each process has one or more LIFO stacks associated with it. Used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure and system calls.

Process control Block (PCB): Info needed by the OS to control processes.

Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a job becomes a process.

Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping function. This relates to processes that are in a blocked or suspended state. They are swapped out of real-memory until they are ready to execute. The swapping-in decision is based on memory-management criteria.

Short term scheduler, also know as a dispatcher executes most frequently, and makes the finest-grained decision of which process should execute next. This scheduler is invoked whenever an event occurs. It may lead to interruption of one process by preemption.

It is a useful, memory-saving technique for multiprogrammed timesharing systems. A Reentrant Procedure is one in which multiple users can share a single copy of a program during the same period. Reentrancy has 2 key aspects: The program code cannot modify itself, and the local data for each user process must be stored separately. Thus, the permanent part is the code, and the temporary part is the pointer back to the calling program and local variables used by that program. Each execution instance is called activation. It executes the code in the permanent part, but has its own copy of local variables/parameters. The temporary part associated with each activation is the activation record. Generally, the activation record is kept on the stack.

Note: A reentrant procedure can be interrupted and called by an interrupting program, and still execute correctly on returning to the procedure.

1 year = 365 days . A leap year has 366 days

A year has 52 weeks. Hence there will be 52 Sundays for sure.

52 weeks = 52 x 7 = 364days

366 – 364 = 2 days

In a leap year there will be 52 Sundays and 2 days will be left.

These 2 days can be:

1. Sunday, Monday

2. Monday, Tuesday

3. Tuesday, Wednesday

4. Wednesday, Thursday

5. Thursday, Friday

6. Friday, Saturday

7. Saturday, Sunday

Of these total 7 outcomes, the favourable outcomes are 2.

Hence the probability of getting 53 days = 2/7

P(red ball) = 5/12

P(white ball) = 4/12

P(red or white ball) = 5/12 + 4/12 = 3/4 = 0.75

P(black ball)=3/12

P(red ball)=5/12

P(black or red)=3/12+5/12=2/3

P(red cards)=26/52

P(black cards)=26/52

P(red or black cards)=26/52+26/52=1

P(heart cards)=13/52

P(diamond cards)=13/52

P(heart or diamond)=13/52+13/52=1/2