Shakespeare

The Boston Marathon

George Orwell in 1984

The wide gap between the aims of the French Revolution(equality in economic, social and political life) and the actual conditions in France after revolution created serious discontent among the people. It led to an attempt to overthrow the existing government in France with a view to building a society based on socialist ideas. This attempt, known as Babeuf's conspiracy, is an important event in the history of socialism.

      The conspiracy,as the name indicates, was the work of Noel Babeuf. He was born in 1760 and has participated in the French Revolution . He organised a secret society called the 'Society of the Equals'. 

After the deaths of  Cromwell monarchy was restored and Charles II was made king of England. He and his successor, James II tried to assert the superiority of the monarchy. But feelings against this kind of rule had grown too strong. In 1688, a group of politicians invited William of Orange, the husband of James II's daughter, Mary, and rulers of Holland, to become king. Without firing a shot, William reached London and James II fled to France. The throne was granted to William and Mary Jointly. This event is known as the 'Glorious Revolution' . This revolution marked the triumph of parliament over the monarchy.

In Spain, where there were no protestants, a soldier named lgnatius Loyola started an organisation for clergymen to work wholly as 'soldiers of jensus' in the service of the Church. Its members came to be called jesuits. They went from place to place and won back followers in France and Germany. They established missions in india, china, Africa and the Americas to gain new adherents. The Jesuit Schools which they started to strengthen the Roman Catholic  Church are still in existence in many countries of the world.

In 454 B.C, laws were codified in Rome. The laws were written on tablets of wood and were known as 'Laws of Twelve Tables'.

The Stoic School taught that man should accept his fate, since he cannot change it. According to Stoics, serenity of mind is the goal all men should strive to attain.Epicureans believed that the highest good for man is pleasure ,but they aimed at tranquility of mind rather than indulgence in pleasures.