Mc Adam devised the method of making 'Pakka' roads. which is also called macad-amized' roads named after him

In 1814, George Stephenson developed steam engine to haul coal from mines to ports by railways. In 1830, the first railway train began to carry passengers and freight from Liverpool to Manchester.

After the deaths of  Cromwell monarchy was restored and Charles II was made king of England. He and his successor, James II tried to assert the superiority of the monarchy. But feelings against this kind of rule had grown too strong. In 1688, a group of politicians invited William of Orange, the husband of James II's daughter, Mary, and rulers of Holland, to become king. Without firing a shot, William reached London and James II fled to France. The throne was granted to William and Mary Jointly. This event is known as the 'Glorious Revolution' . This revolution marked the triumph of parliament over the monarchy.

In Spain, where there were no protestants, a soldier named lgnatius Loyola started an organisation for clergymen to work wholly as 'soldiers of jensus' in the service of the Church. Its members came to be called jesuits. They went from place to place and won back followers in France and Germany. They established missions in india, china, Africa and the Americas to gain new adherents. The Jesuit Schools which they started to strengthen the Roman Catholic  Church are still in existence in many countries of the world.

The old religion of Japan is known as Shiltoism. This religion consists mainly of the worship of the forces of nature.

The Cathedral of Notre Dame is located in paris(France) . It was one of the earliest French Cathedrals to be built in the Gothic style. It was built between A.D 1163 and AD 1270. About the 12th century, a new style- the Gothic -was developed in France.

The Early Middle Ages have often been called the Dark Ages, and to some extent  they were truly dark. The people led a miserable life. Education was very uncommon. The helplessness of the comman man the arbitary rule of the king and the barons and the absence of national unity-all these conditions were common in Europe. The term 'Middle Ages' does not cover a uniform period for all the countries of the world.For Europe and the Westren World , the 'Middle Ages' are generally considered to be the period between AD 500 and AD 1500.

The sacred books of judaism form the Old Testament and Aporypha. These books contain the history of the Jews and lay down the religious laws and ethics which they must follow.