Exploratory testing: means testing an application without a test plan and test script. In exploring testing test explore the application on the basis on his knowledge. The tester has no knowledge about the application previously. He explores the application like an end user and try to use it. While using the application his main motive is to find the bugs which are in the application.

Specification-driven testing: means to test the functionality of software according to the user requirements. In this, tester inputs multiple data and monitors the outputs from, the test object. In this testing tester evaluate the showstopper bugs which break the major functionality of the application. This type of testing requires test plan and test.

Automated testing cannot replace manual testing because of following reason:

- Automated testing cannot replace the analytical skills required to conduct testing. It can only enhance or supplement manual testing,

- Through manual testing, information can be gathered about the application, and real-time decisions can be made about how to enhance a test that would be too difficult to program into an automated script.

- We need a manual tester to analyze and maintain the automated scripts after they can run.

The Bug Tracking System role is discussed below:

- Testers and developers can know the status of the bug at every stage.

- Changes to the Status will be available to all team members.

- Developers and Testers can easily interact with bugs.

- Repetition of bugs will be avoided.

- Easy to distribute the bug among the developer.

- It will act as a centralized one for defects.

The differences in responsibilities are listed below:

- QA is concern for Process Quality and Programmers are concern for Product Quality.

- QA ensure that the processes used for developing the product of high quality where as programmers used these processes so that end product is of good quality.

- Processes are decided by QA. Programmers are supposed to follow the processes so that they can produce a good quality product.

- Any issue found during execution of process by the programmers is communicated to the QA so that they can improve the process.

First thing testers are not responsible for fixing the bug they are only responsible for debugging the bug and prioritizing those bugs. These bugs are now reported in bug report template with the severity and priority of the bug. Tester assigns severity level to the defects depending upon their impact on other parts of application. Every bug has its severity and priority values assign by tester. If a defect does not allow you to go ahead and test the product, it is critical one so it has to be fixed as soon as possible. We have 5 levels as:

Critical

High

Medium

Low

Cosmetic

For web application we perform following time of test:

1. Functionality Testing.

2. Usability Testing.

3. Navigation Testing.

4. Configuration and Compatibility testing.

5. Reliability and Availability Testing.

6. Performance Testing.

7. Load and Stress Testing.

8. Security Testing

EX:

- High Priority and Low Severity:

Company logo is not properly displayed on their website.

- High Priority and High Severity:

Suppose you are doing online shopping and filled payment information, but after submitting the form, you get a message like "Order has been cancelled."

- Low Priority and High Severity:

If we have a typical scenario in which the application get crashed, but that scenario exists rarely.

- Low Priority and Low Severity:

There is a mistake like "You have registered success" instead of successfully, success is written.

Priority: concern with application from the business point of view. It answers  How quickly we need to fix the bug? Or How soon the bug should get fixed?

Severity: concern with functionality of application. It deals with the impact of the bug on the application.