Polymorphism is also achieved in C++ using virtual functions. If a function with same name exists in base as well as parent class, then the pointer to the base class would call the functions associated only with the base class. However, if the function is made virtual and the base pointer is initialized with the address of the derived class, then the function in the child class would be called.

- Inheritence permits code reusability. 

- Reusability saves time in program development. 

- It encourages the reuse of proven and debugged high-quality software which reduces the problems after a system becomes functional.

- Free() - A block of memory previously allocated by the malloc subroutine is freed by free subroutine. Undefined results come out if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer. If the Pointer parameter is a null value, no action will take place.

- Realloc() - This subroutine changes the size of the block of memory pointed to by the Pointer parameter to the number of bytes specified by the Size parameter and returns a new pointer to the block. The pointer specified by the Pointer parameter must be created with the malloc, calloc, or realloc subroutines and should not be deallocated with the free or realloc subroutines. Undefined results show up if the Pointer parameter is not a valid pointer.

Access specifiers in C++ determines the scope of the class members.

Public: If a class member is public, it can be used anywhere without the access restrictions.

Private: if a class member is private, it can be used only by the members and friends of class.

Protected: If a class member is protected, it can be used only by the members and friends of class and the members and friends of classes derived from class.

Scope resolution operator allows a program to reference an identifier in the global scope that is hidden by another identifier with the same name in the local scope.

Stack is a collection of objects that works in LIFO (Last in First out) mechanism while Queue is FIFO (First in First out). This means that the object that is inserted first is removed last in a stack while an object that is inserted first is removed first in a queue.

Stack unwinding is a process of calling all destructors for all automatic objects constructed at run time when an exception is thrown. Destructors are called between the places where the exception was thrown and where it is caught.

Wrapper classes wrap primitive values in a class and offers utility to access them through objects. Some of the primitive wrapper data types are:

Byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, Boolean.

Example: 

Create a class name VectorAdd to populate it with integer values using the add(int, object) method.

public class VectorAdd

{

       public static void main(String argv[])

       {

             Vector v = new Vector();

             v.add(0,new Integer(10));

             v.add(1,new Integer(20));

             v.add(2,new Integer(30));

             for(int i=0; i < v.size();i ++)

             {

                  Integer iw =(Integer) v.get(i);

                  System.out.println(iw);

             }

       }

}