Adi Shankara or Shankara, was an early 8th century Indian philosopher and the ologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.
He is credited with unifying and establishing the main currents of thought in Hinduism. It is with his teacher Govinda, that Shankara studied Gaudapadiya Karika, as Govinda was himself taught by Gaudapada.

The Citizenship Act, 1955, prescribes three ways of losing citizenship whether acquired under the Act or prior to it under the Constitution, viz. renunciation, termination and deprivation:

1. By Renunciation: Any citizen of India of full age and capacity can make adeclaration renouncing his Indian citizenship.

2. By Termination: When an Indian citizen voluntarily (consciously, knowingly and without duress, undue influence or compulsion) acquires the citizenship of another country.

3. By Deprivation:It is a compulsory termination of Indian citizenship by the Central government, if:

●the citizen has obtained the citizenship by fraud:●the citizen has shown disloyalty to the Constitution of India:

●the citizen has unlawfully traded or communicated with the enemy during a war;

●the citizen has, within five years after registration or naturalisation, been imprisoned in any country for two years; and

●the citizen has been ordinarily resident out of India for seven years continuously

Fundamental Rights available to only citizens and not foreigners

●Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15).

●Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16).

●Six basic freedoms subject to reasonable restrictions (Article 19).

●Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article 29).

●Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30).

The Golaknath Case of 1967 relates to the power of the Parliament to curtail the Fundamental Rights provided in the Constitution.In 1967, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decisions in Golaknath v. State of Punjab. It held that Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Constitution are given a "transcendental position" and arebeyond the reach of Parliament. It also declared any amendment that "takes away or abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III as unconstitutional. By 1973, the basic structure doctrine triumphed in Justice Hans Raj Khanna's judgment in the landmark decision of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala.

While it has been conducted every 10 years, beginning in 1872, the first completecensus was taken in the year 1881. Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

In India, the Universal Adult Franchise was introduced only in the post-independence period during the first general elections to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies.

Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly.

Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies, and initially included representatives for those provinces that formed part of Pakistan (some of which are now in Bangladesh).

Some provisions of the Constitution pertaining to citizenship, elections, provisional parliament, temporary and transitional provisions, and short title contained in Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 came into force on November 26, 1949 itself

A395. Repeals The Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the Government of India Act, 1935 , together with all enactments amending or supplementing the latter Act, but not including the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act, 1949.