During the Mughal Empire, zamindars belonged tothe nobility and formed the ruling class. Emperor Akbar granted them mansabs and their ancestral domains were treated as jagirs.

In some respects of zamindars and the peasants were natural allies in any struggle against the Mughal government.

The Zamindars often received the support of the peasantry in many agrarian uprisings in North India in the seventeenth century.

Sources of the seventeenth century refer to two kinds of peasants –khud-kashta and pahi-kashta. The pahi-kashta were non-resident cultivators who belonged to some other village but cultivated lands elsewhere on a contractual basis. People became pahi-kashta either out of choice –for example, when terms of revenue in a distant village were more favourable –or out of compulsion –for example, forced by economic distress after a famine.

Alluvial Soils

The proportion of nitrogen is generally low, but potash, phosphoric acid and alkalis are adequate, while iron oxide and lime vary within a wide range.

Black Soils

Chemically, the black soils are rich in lime, iron, magnesia and alumina. They also contain potash. But they lack in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter.

Laterite Soils

With rain, lime and silica are leached away, and soils rich in iron oxide and aluminium compound are left behind.

In troposphere and mesosphere, temperature declines with increasing altitude. In stratosphere and thermosphere, temperature increases with increasing altitude.The coldest temperatures in Earth’s atmosphere occur at the top of mesosphere, the Mesopause, especially in the summer near the pole.Transitional layers of atmosphere include tropopause, stratopause, and mesopause. These layers are relatively thin and are located between major layers of atmosphere. These have contrasting thermal properties. Hence, in these layers there is no change in temperature with change in altitude.

Central Inland Water Transport Corporation - Kolkata

Inland Waterways Authority of India - Noida

National Inland Navigation Institute - Patna

First National Inland Waterway -  Between Haldia and Allahabad

Enzymes are biological catalysts. Enzymes are the catalysts involved in biological chemical reactions.

A fundamental task of proteins is to act as enzymes—catalysts that increase the rate of virtually all the chemical reactions within cells.

A catalyst remains chemically unchanged itself at the end of a reaction.

Each enzyme has a temperature that it works optimally in, which in humans is around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, 37 degrees Celsius –the normal body temperature for humans.

The absence of a nucleus is an adaptation of the red blood cell for its role. It allows the red bloodcell to contain more haemoglobin and, therefore, carry more oxygen moleculesLike red cells, platelets (thrombocytes) have no nucleus.Monocytes have a small spherical nucleus and has abundant dark staining condensed chromatin.There are 5 organelles found in a root hair cell. They are the: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall and vacuole.