Electronic Flash differs from the consumable bulb flash in important aspects. Instead of creating light by burning up in an atmosphere containing oxygen, a consumable material (each bulb being used therefore only once), it produces a brilliant incandescent by discharging a current for a brief instant through a rarified gas, usually xenon. The gas glows every time the discharge is made through it but it is not consumed, so that many thousands of flashes are obtainable from a single tube, which helps to offset the much higher cost of the initial apparatus.

In January India will join China and Nepal, besides Pakistan, which were elected to the 47-member Council in previous years to serve three-year terms.India received 188 votes, the highest polled by any of the 18 countries elected in the voting.This is the fifth time India is elected to the Geneva-based Council, the main body of the UN charged with promoting and monitoring human rights.

The right to protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20) and the right to life and personal liberty (Article 21) remain enforceable even during emergency.

Article 19 (1) (c) of the Constitution guarantees to all citizens the right “to form associations and unions.” Under clause (4) of Article 19, however, the State may by law impose reasonable restrictions on this right in the interest of public order, morality or sovereignty and integrity of India.As per the Article 19 of the Constitution, the right to form associations and unions is a fundamental right guaranteed only to citizens.

Harappa cities followed the rectangular grid pattern where roads were straight and cut each other at right angle. But it may not be the case always.

Brick size was uniform in nearly every Harappan city from Sutkagendor in Baluchistan to Alamgirpurin Meerut, from Manda in Jammu Kashmir to Daimabad in Maharashtra.

Protective arrangements: Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc.A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Casteand Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc. Despite legislation, social discrimination and atrocities against the backward castes continued topersist