Questions

Ray Tomilson

In 1952, Waksman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition "for his discovery of streptomycin," the first antibiotic active against tuberculosis.

Hedging is a tool to minimize the risks. It is thus like an 'insurance' where one pays a premium but gets an assured amount in case of some uncertain event to the extent of the loss actually suffered on an equally opposite position for which the hedge was done. Thus, hedger is different from arbitrageur and speculators, as the intention here is not to maximize the profit but to minimize the loss.

E.g. In Capital Markets, suppose an investor has an equity portfolio of Rs. 2 lacs and the portfolio consists of all the major stocks of NIFTY. He thinks the market will improve in the long run but might go on a downside in the shortrun. NIFTY today stands at 4300. To minimize the risk of downfall, he enters into an option contract by buying NIFTY-PUT of strike 4300 at a premium of, say, Rs. 100. Thus, the actual amount paid is Rs. 5,000(lot size of NIFTY is 50). Also, the number of NIFTY-PUTs to be bought will vary on the beta of the portfolio so as to completely hedge the positon. 

a.) Testing and Debugging 

Testing is process of verifying if the application matches requirements and reporting bugs; Testing is usually done by an independent testing team while debugging is a process of finding and fixing bugs with the intention of reducing bugs; Debugging is usually done by the programmer.

b.) Two tier and Three tier architecture

In a two tier architecture there is a data server and a client application. Client application directly accesses the server data. In a three tier architecture there is a data server, a client application and a server application. Client application calls the server application which in turn fetches data from the data server and returns back to client application.

c.) Alpha testing and Beta testing

Alpha testing is conducting acceptance testing in the environment where the application was developed. It is done by the customer. Beta testing is conducting acceptance testing is the customer environment. It is done by the group of customers or users who will actually be using it.

d.) Static testing and dynamic testing

Static testing is checking the application without actually running the application whereas dynamic testing checks the application by running it.

Matching blood group before marriage is important. This is to prevent Rh incompatibility. Rh incompatibility can lead to erythroblastosis fetalis (Hemolytic disease of the newborn-HDN). Fetal RBC gets destroyed & newborn may get severe anaemia, jaundice. This jaundice is more severe than Physiological jaundice ( which is the most common and will usually resolve on its own).

In very severe form, a fetus may die due to heart failure. This is mediated by the antigen-antibodies reaction. Transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta occurs. This happens when Rh +ve man marries Rh-ve lady.

So Rh +ve man should try to avoid marrying Rh-ve lady.

Matching blood groups for marriage ::

Boy : A = Girl : A & AB 

Boy : B = Girl : B & AB 

Boy : O = Girl : O, A, B & AB 

Boy : AB = Girl : AB 

Boy : Rh+ve = Girl : Rh+ve 

Boy : Rh-ve = Girl : Rh+ve & Rh-ve.

Blood groups that do not match for marriage ::

Boy : A = Girl : O & B 

Boy : B = Girl : O & A 

Boy : AB = Girl : O, A & B 

Boy : Rh+ve = Girl : Rh-ve.

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce a drive.