Black surfaces are good emitters of heat. If the black surface is rough too, the emitting will be better. Shinning surfaces reflect black radiation . So if the black surface is also shining the effectiveness of emitting heat is lessened.

This is a layer of atmosphere about 60 to 70 km above the earth and extends to about 400km. It contains ionised particles which can reflect radio waves making radio communication round the world possible.

Here is a case of  lowering of melting point of ice with increase of pressure

Evaporation causing cooling.Here the evaporation is less. Therefore cooling is less.

Part of the heat is conducted away by the metal table. Convection currents in air near the surface of the coffee are set up which accounts for some heat loss. Heat is also lost by radiation from the hot coffee to the surroundings. Most of the heat is lost by the last method.

The metal ball can be considered  to be made up of several layers of thinner ones. On heating each of these layers will increase in radius. As the inner most layer also increases its radius, the volume inside it i.e, the volume of the hollow portion will also increase.

The resistance of metallic conductors e.g, platinum, increases with rise of  temperature . The increase in temperature results in a decrease of current which can be recorded in a galvanometer if the conductor is included in an electrical circuit. Thus the temperature can be known; platinum resistance thermometer is used generally for accurate scientific work. When two dissimilar metals are joined at the ends, and these ends are subjected to a difference of temperature, a current flows through the metals. Greater the difference of temperature , greater the current. So the curent strength can form the basis for measuring the difference in temperature. And when one of these temperatures is known, we can calculate the other.

Before transferring the fish, the position is the man with the fish and the bucket of water. After transferring the position is : the man without the fish, but the fish inside the water in the bucket. Thus to know whether there is any change in weight, it is enough to consider whether there is any change in weight when the fish in air is transferred into the water. The answer is there is no change as when in water though it loses weight due to upthrust of water on it, the level of water increases and exerts an equal force at the bottom