Privatization would no doubt lead to better services.But saying that 'this is the only ' is wrong

Clearly, independent  judiciary is necessary for impartial judgements so that the executive does'nt take wrong measures.So only argument 1 holds

A bug leakage results when a bug is detected which should have been detected in earlier builds/versions of the application.

A defect which exists during testing yet unfound by the tester which is eventually found by the tester/end-user is also called bug leakage.

A bug release is when a particular version of s/w is released with a set of known bug(s)/defect(s). These bugs are usually low severity and/or low priority bugs. It is done when the company can afford the existence of bug in the released s/w rather than the time/cost for fixing it in that particular version. These bugs are usually mentioned in the Release Notes.

 I have used following 4 types of Methodologies: 

1. Boundary value analysis   

2. Equivalence partitioning   

3. Error guessing   

4. Cause effect graphing

Open addressing (closed hashing),

The methods used include: Overflow block,

 Closed addressing (open hashing)

The methods used include: Linked list, Binary tree…

Testing is a process used for revealing defects in s/w and for establishing that the s/w has attained a specific degree of quality.

The s/w testing group’s main objective is to ensure that the s/w is doing what it is supposed to do as well as the s/w is not doing what it is not supposed to do. With this objective, it is clear that it is necessary to have a separate group for testing the s/w other than the group which developed it.

Also, bugs in the s/w can cause severe monetary as well as other loss to the organization. So it is important to allocate some budget for the testing group.

The main task of Software Quality Assurance Group is to examine the overall s/w development process and to create and enforce standards and methods to improve it with the goal of preventing bugs from ever occurring. With this definition, it is imperative that the QA helps an organization in continuous performance improvement and strive for perfection.

The parameters of Quality Cost are:

Speed
Accuracy
Efficiency
Performance
Customer Satisfaction