Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a model of 5 levels of process 'maturity' that determine effectiveness in delivering quality software. The 5 levels of CMM are described as below:

Level 1: Initial: - characterized by chaos, periodic panics, and heroic efforts required by individuals to successfully complete projects. Very few or none of the processes are in place.

Level 2: Repeatable: - Software Project Tracking, Requirements Management, Realistic Planning and Configuration Management Processes are in place; successful practices can be repeated.

Level 3: Defined: - Standard Software Development and Maintenance Processes are integrated throughout an organization. A Software Engineering Process Group is in place to oversee software processes, and training programs are used to ensure understanding and compliance.

Level 4: Managed: - Metrics are used to track productivity, processes, and products. Project performance is predictable, and quality is consistently high.

Level 5: Optimizing: - The focus is on continuous process improvement. The impact of new processes and technologies can be predicted and effectively implemented when required.

Any organization can start from any level, but its motto is to reach level 5; where the focus is continuous process improvement. By doing this, high quality s/w delivery is assured.

From this, we can see that the whole essence of CMM or CMMI is to produce quality software. It targets the whole organizational practices (or processes), which are believed to be the best across industries. Testing is part of Quality Assurance. CMM levels play an important role in an organization’s Quality Assurance effort. Thus testing plays an important role in determining CMM level.

Clearly, independent  judiciary is necessary for impartial judgements so that the executive does'nt take wrong measures.So only argument 1 holds

Integration testing is done at module level when various modules are integrated with each other to form a system or sub-system. Its main purpose is to ensure that interfaces between various modules are working properly; i.e. modules which are working individually are also working correctly together.

System testing is done on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the system’s compliance with its specified requirements. It validates that the system meets its functional and non-functional requirements.

From these definitions, it is clear that the purpose of Integration and purpose of System Testing are different. Therefore, Integration test cases focus more on the interfaces between modules (interface integrity) - the data transfer and their interaction with each other. System test cases focus on testing the product as a whole; i.e. whether the functional, non-functional requirements of the System are met or not. Since System Testing is the final phase before delivery of the product, System test cases should pinpoint configuration related errors along with testing for performance, security, reliability etc.

Glass Box (or white box) testing is the process of giving i/p to the system and checking how the system processes i/p to generate o/p

Black Box testing is the process of giving i/p to the system and checking if the system is giving correct o/p without bothering how the o/p is generated.

As we can see from the definitions, the role of black box testing is to ensure that the o/p generated is correct. And role of white box testing is to ensure that methods used to generate the o/p are correct.

Key Challenges of s/w testing:

1. Testing considered late in project

2. Requirements not testable

3. Integration is done after all components have been developed: This might result into full testing not being covered.

4. Complete testing is not possible

Open addressing (closed hashing),

The methods used include: Overflow block,

 Closed addressing (open hashing)

The methods used include: Linked list, Binary tree…

Testing is a process used for revealing defects in s/w and for establishing that the s/w has attained a specific degree of quality.

The s/w testing group’s main objective is to ensure that the s/w is doing what it is supposed to do as well as the s/w is not doing what it is not supposed to do. With this objective, it is clear that it is necessary to have a separate group for testing the s/w other than the group which developed it.

Also, bugs in the s/w can cause severe monetary as well as other loss to the organization. So it is important to allocate some budget for the testing group.

The main task of Software Quality Assurance Group is to examine the overall s/w development process and to create and enforce standards and methods to improve it with the goal of preventing bugs from ever occurring. With this definition, it is imperative that the QA helps an organization in continuous performance improvement and strive for perfection.