BRS - Bank Reconciliation Statement

A bank reconciliation statement is a statement prepared by organizations to reconcile the balance of cash at bank in a company's own records with the bank statement on a particular date.

The differences may arise because of the following reasons:

     - Cheques deposited into bank but not yet collected by bank

     - Cheques issued by the organization but not yet presented for payment

     - Cheques directly deposited by customers into the bank

     - Bank charges debited by bank

     - Interest credited or some receipts directly collected by bank based on org. request.

     - Some payments directly made by bank based on the organizations request.

So, the statement shows the reasons as what are the reasons for difference in balance.

Trade receivables are amounts billed by a business to its customers when it delivers goods or services to them in the ordinary course of business. These billings are typically documented on formal invoices, which are summarized in an accounts receivable aging report. In the general ledger, trade receivables are recorded in a separate accounts receivable account, and are classified as current assets on the balance sheet if you expect to receive payment from customers within one year.

To record a trade receivable, the accounting software creates a debit to the accounts receivable account and a credit to the sales account when you complete an invoice. When the customer eventually pays the invoice, the accounting software records the cash receipt transaction with a debit to the cash account and a credit to the accounts receivable account.

Trade receivables vary from non trade receivables in that non trade receivables are for amounts owed to the company that fall outside of the normal course of business, such as employee advances or insurance reimbursements. Also, most or all of the transactions passing through the main accounts receivable account are generated by the accounting system, as you create customer invoices and credit memos, whereas the transactions recording non trade receivables nearly always involve journal entries.

After posting the all accounts in the Ledger a statement is prepared to showing debit and credit balances.Debit balances must be tally with the Credit side balance is called trial balance

Finance:It is the branch of economics that studies the management of money and other assets.In simpler terms it can be defined as the commercial activity of providing funds and capital.It addresses questions like -- what funds are required by the org & How they can be raised &  How they have to be allocated etc.

Accounts: It is the occupation of maintaining and auditing records and preparing financial reports for a business. Accounts provides quantitative information about finances. It addresses issues like what amount of funds have been allocated to various activities, how the book-keeping is being done etc.

Both functions are distinct but complimentary to each other.

Finance and accounts are highly specilized and distinct areas and hence most organizations have seperate sections of finance and accounts.

In international accounting LIFO and extraordinary items are prohibited

In international accounting, proposed dividend entry is made in the Year in which it is declared, but in Indian Accounting Standards Proposed Divided entry is passed in the year for which dividend is declared. e.g. Dividend for 09-10 declared in AGM on 14 Sept 2010, Financial (Accounting) Year = 2009-10

In Indian Accounting entry would be passed in 2009-10 Accounts books, but in International Accounting entry would be passed in the year 2010-11 Accounts books.

A key functional area of SAP for Utilities that supports cross-company exchange of settlement data based on international standards such as EDI, XML, and Microsoft Excel.

Intercompany data exchange manages data transfer between retailers, distributors, and independent service operators with special regard to the requirements in deregulated markets.

There are broadly  2 Type of accounts

1. Personnel Accounts

2. Impersonnel Accounts.

Personnel Accounts is an account maintained to record transactions with persons. Based on the classification of the persons personnel account can be of

1. Natural Personnel Account (Mr. Ram, Mr. Robert, Mr.Rahim)

2. Artificial Person (all entities like companies, banks, municipal corporations, all statutory or non statutory bodies)

3. Representative Person: Representing group transactions for group of persons like Salary Payable Account. Taxes payable account.

Where as Impersonnel Account shall be of Two types.

A. Real Account      B.Nominal Account.

Real Accounts are accounts to record transactions relating to Assets. Like Cash, Plant & Machinery etc., These type of accounts are permanent accounts.

Nominal Accounts are the accounts used to record the transactions relating to Income and Expenses. Like Salary, Power, Sales etc., At the end of the year all the nominal accounts are closed by transferring to Profit and loss account or Income and Expenditure account. The net differnce shall be carried forwarded to Balance Sheet.

The Debit balance recovery is usually made by raising a credit memo for the regular vendors. However if there are no future transactions from the supplier, we ask the vendor to send the check / make an EFT for the amount due from him.