Questions

There are many differences between cancer cells and normal cells. Some of the differences are well known, whereas others have only been recently discovered and are less well understood.

Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells ::

Below are some of the major differences between normal cells and cancer cells, which in turn account for how malignant tumors grow and respond differently to their surroundings than benign tumors.

Growth :—

Normal cells stop growing (reproducing) when enough cells are present. For example, if cells are being produced to repair a cut in the skin, new cells are no longer produced when there are enough cells present to fill the hole; when the repair work is done. In contrast, cancer cells don’t stop growing when there are enough cells present. This continued growth often results in a tumor (a cluster of cancer cells) being formed. 

Communication :—

Cancer cells don’t interact with other cells as normal cells do. Normal cells respond to signals sent from other nearby cells that say, essentially, “you’ve reached your boundary.” When normal cells “hear” these signals they stop growing. Cancer cells do not respond to these signals.

Stickiness :—

Normal cells secrete substances that make them stick together in a group. Cancer cells fail to make these substances, and can “float away” to locations nearby, or through the bloodstream or system of lymph channels to distant regions in the body.

Ability to Metastasize (Spread) :—

Normal cells stay in the area of the body where they belong. For example, lung cells remain in the lungs. Cancer cells, because they lack the adhesion molecules that cause stickiness, are able to travel via the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other regions of the body—they have the ability to metastasize. 

Appearance :—

Under a microscope, normal cells and cancer cells may look quite different. In contrast to normal cells, cancer cells often exhibit much more variability in cell size—some are larger than normal and some are smaller than normal. In addition, cancer cells often have an abnormal shape, both of the cell, and of the nucleus (the “brain” of the cell.) 

The rate of growth :—

Normal cells reproduce themselves and then stop when enough cells are present. Cancer cells reproduce rapidly before the cells have had a chance to mature.

Maturation :—

Normal cells mature. Cancer cells, because they grow rapidly and divide before cells are fully mature, remain immature. Doctors use the term undifferentiated to describe immature cells (in contrast to differentiated to describe more mature cells.) 

Evading the immune system  :—

When normal cells become damaged, the immune system (via cells called lymphocytes) identifies and removes them. Cancer cells are able to evade (trick) the immune system long enough to grow into a tumor by either by escaping detection or by secreting chemicals that inactivate immune cells that come to the scene.

Functioning :—

Normal cells perform the function they are meant to perform, whereas cancer cells may not be functional. For example, normal white blood cells help fight off infections. In leukemia, the number of white blood cells may be very high, but since the cancerous white blood cells are not functioning as they should, people can be more at risk for infection even with an elevated white blood cell count.

Siphon is a tube bent to form two legs of unequal length by which a liquid can be transferred from a reservoir and then down to a lower level of it.

Siphon will fail to work if, the level of the liquid in the two vessels are at the same height.

87-year old renowned director Kasinadhuni Viswanath was on 24 April 2017 named for the prestigious Dada Saheb Phalke award for outstanding contribution to the film industry. He is a celebrated filmmaker in Telugu film industry but has also been active in Tamil and Hindi cinema.

– He is known for making films on content-driven stories that have revolved around social themes like disability, untouchability and the evils of dowry.

– He becomes the 48th recipient of the award, the highest recognition in Indian cinema, which consists of a golden lotus, a cash prize of Rs. 10 lakhs and a shawl.

– The recipient of five National Film Awards, Viswanath is known for his movies — “Sankarabharanam”, “Sagara Sangamam” (starring Kamal Haasan and Jayaprada), “Swati Mutyam”, “Saptapadi”, “Kaamchor”, “Sanjog” and “Jaag Utha Insaan” among others.

Mataji Maharani Tapaswini was one of the strongest proponents of female education in India. Her greatest contribution came in the form of the Mahakali Pathshala which she set up in Kolkata in 1893.

The school was a completely indigenous affair which did not rely on either foreign aid or assistance. The education of girls was carried out on a strictly national basis in the hopes that they would be able to revive and regenerate Hindu society.

Indian states having oil fields are

• Andhra Pradesh
• Arunachal Pradesh
• Mizoram
• Odisha
• Tamilnadu
• Rajasthan

Thiruvananthapuram also known as Trivandrum, is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Kerala is named after the snake Anantha of Lord Vishnu.