CAT Questions

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The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the calvin cycle with ATP and NADPH.

Enid Mary Blyton was the English children's writer published 59 new books in 1955.

Himachal Pradesh state became 1st to launch a pan-India single emergency no. 112 where all kinds of immediate help can be sought in urgent matters.

Under this project, an Emergency Response Centre (ERC) has been established in Shimla along with 12 district command centres (DCCs), covering the entire state. The ERC has been integrated with police (100), fire (101), health (108) and women (1090) helpline numbers to provide emergency services through the emergency number '112'.

A seconds pendulum is a pendulum whose period is precisely two seconds i.e, one second for a swing in one direction and one second for the return swing.

Glycolysis is the metabolic process of converting 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate through a series of 10 enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Polarity :: 

The polarity of a molecule defines its other physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, surface tension, vapor pressure etc... Simply, polarity occurs when the electron distribution in a molecule is asymmetric. This results in a net dipole moment in the molecule. One end of the molecule is charged negative while the other gets a positive charge.

The polarization of a molecule greatly depends on the shape of the molecule. A diatomic molecule like HF mentioned above has no issue of shape. The net dipole moment is only due to the uneven distribution of electrons between the two atoms. However, when there are more than two atoms involved in making a bond, there are many complexities.

The water molecule is of bent shape. Therefore, when the two pair of electrons shared by oxygen with two hydrogen atoms is pulled towards oxygen, the net dipole moment results in the direction of the oxygen atom. There is no other force to cancel out the resultant dipole moment. Hence, the water molecule is highly polar.

Ammonia molecule is of a pyramid shape and the electronegative N atom pulls the electrons towards itself. The three N-H bonds are not in the same plane; hence the dipole moments created do not get canceled out. This makes ammonia a polar molecule.

However, the dipole moments sometimes get canceled due to the shape of the molecules, making the molecule non-polar. Carbon dioxide is such a molecule.

Atoms are composed of three main particles called electrons, protons and neutrons. We know that, the electrons are negatively charged particles whereas protons are positively charged and neutrons have no charge.

Hence, as the number of electrons and protons are equal and they are oppositely charged, the atom will have no charge as their charges cancel each other.