Physics Questions

In vacuum and in homogeneous, transparent media, such as air, water, and glass, light moves in a straight line. When light encounters a boundary between two different transparent media, some light is reflected and some moves from the first into the second medium.

Convection is by far the most efficient and common way for heat to be transferred through liquids and gases. It occurs when some regions of a fluid get hotter than others, causing currents in the fluid that move it around to distribute that heat more evenly.

The Cartesian Coordinates can be retrieved from spherical coordinates (l,q,a) by:

X = r.sinq.cosa

Y = r.sinq.sina

Z = r.sinq

Using the same we get for P,

Y = P.sinq.sina

In terms of concentration of impurity (a.k.a impurity doping concentration, often abbreviated to doping concentration), from the highest to the lowest among the three regions of a bipolar junction, emitter, collector, and base are the correct order. The above order is independent of the type of BJT, npn or pnp