Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry.A Fischer projection always uses an eclipsed conformation. A Newman diagram can represent either an eclipsed conformation or a staggered conformation or a skew conformation.

The haloalkanes (also known as halogenoalkanes or alkyl halides) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens.Halogens can’t form more than one bond in the context of common organic compounds and can’t form multiple bonds to carbon.

The sodium fusion test, or Lassaigne's test, is used in elemental analysis for the qualitative determination of the presence of foreign elements, namely halogens, nitrogen, and sulphur, in an organic compound. It was developed by J. L. Lassaigne.Silver fluoride is soluble in water and does not precipitate and thus this method cannot be used for detection of fluorine.

Adam Smith propounded the following first four canons of taxation -(1)Canon of Equity. (2) Canon of Certainty: (3) Canon of Convenience or Ease (4) Canon of Economy.

Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes.

In other words, large sellers selling the products that are similar, but not identical and compete with each other on other factors besides price.

Article 323A provides that Parliament may by law establish tribunals for adjudication of disputes concerning recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public service under Central, State or any Local or other authority or a corporation owned or controlled by the Government of India. The law made by Parliament for the purpose may specify the jurisdiction and procedure of the tribunals. Under clause 2(d), the law may exclude the jurisdiction of all courts except that of the Supreme Court under article 136 with respect to the service matters falling within the purview of the tribunals.

The act provides for a five-year term of office to the panchayat at every level. However, it can be dissolved before the completion of its term.the state legislature shall provide for the reservation of offices of chairperson in the panchayat at the village or any other level for the SCs and STs. The state legislature may make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.