Questions

Cauvery river also known as Dakshin Ganga is one of the major rivers in the south Indian region. On its course to Bay of Bengal, Cauvery gets branched into many distributaries forming many fertile deltas. It is for this reason that Cauvery is also known as the “garden of southern India.”

The three state-run Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) – Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd (HPCL) and Bharat Petroleum Corp Ltd (BPCL) have signed an agreement to jointly set up the world’s largest refinery and petrochemical complex at Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra at a cost of $40 billion. The IOC will hold 50% stake and HPCL & BPCL will will take 25% stake each in the new complex. The refinery will produce petrol, diesel, LPG, ATF and feedstock for making petrochemical that are basic building blocks in plastic, chemical and textile industries. The refinery is expected to be completed by 2022.

A conjugate acid, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it.

On the other hand, a conjugate base is what is left over after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid.

Because some acids are capable of releasing multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic.

Represented as the following chemical reaction:

Acid + Base ⇌ Conjugate Base + Conjugate Acid

The water molecule is the conjugate acid of the hydroxide ion after the latter received the hydrogen proton donated by ammonium. On the other hand, ammonia is the conjugate base for the acid ammonium after ammonium has donated a hydrogen ion towards the production of the water molecule. We can also refer to OH- as a conjugate base of H2O, since the water molecule donates a proton towards the production of NH+4 in the reverse reaction, which is the predominating process in nature due to the strength of the base NH3 over the hydroxide ion.

The clotting of blood is a chain reaction initiated by the enzyme Thrombokinase produced by the platelets. This causes Prothrombin and calcium salts in plasma to join and produce thrombin. Thrombin combines with Fibrinogen to produce Fibrin threads which entangles the corpuscles  to create a clot.